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Melody's Escape maybe?

https://store.steampowered.com/tags/en/music-based%20procedural%20generation

Edit: I can't say that everything listed there actually fits the tag, but that's what we get with crowdsourced tags.

Crypt of the Necrodancer is one of the best out there in my opinion.

https://store.steampowered.com/app/49600/Beat_Hazard/

https://store.steampowered.com/app/12900/AudioSurf/

Riff Racer (sort of audiosurf) -> https://store.steampowered.com/app/351990/Riff_Racer__Race_Your_Music/
Music Racer (same) -> https://store.steampowered.com/app/893030/Music_Racer/
Music Killer -> https://store.steampowered.com/app/930620/Music_Killer/
Beat Hazard 2

https://store.steampowered.com/app/207750/Symphony/